ABSTRACT
The coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus2 (SARS-CoV-2), has had enormous health, economic, and social consequences. The clinical spectrum of cutaneous manifestations observed in patients with COVID-19 is both heterogeneous and complex. To date, reports have identified 5main categories: acral lesions, vesicular rashes, urticarial rashes, maculopapular rashes, and livedoid and necrotic lesions. However, these will probably be modified as new information comes to light. Cutaneous manifestations associated with COVID-19 probably reflect the activation of pathogenic pathways by the virus or a response to inflammatory processes, vascular or systemic complications, or even treatments. Familiarity with the cutaneous manifestations of COVID-19 may enable early diagnosis or help guide prognosis.
Subject(s)
COVID-19/complications , SARS-CoV-2 , Skin Diseases, Viral/etiology , COVID-19/epidemiology , COVID-19/immunology , Exanthema/etiology , Exanthema/pathology , Foot Dermatoses/etiology , Foot Dermatoses/pathology , Humans , Necrosis , SARS-CoV-2/immunology , Skin/pathology , Skin Diseases, Viral/pathology , Toes , Urticaria/etiology , Urticaria/pathologyABSTRACT
The coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus2 (SARS-CoV-2), has had enormous health, economic, and social consequences. The clinical spectrum of cutaneous manifestations observed in patients with COVID-19 is both heterogeneous and complex. To date, reports have identified 5main categories: acral lesions, vesicular rashes, urticarial rashes, maculopapular rashes, and livedoid and necrotic lesions. However, these will probably be modified as new information comes to light. Cutaneous manifestations associated with COVID-19 probably reflect the activation of pathogenic pathways by the virus or a response to inflammatory processes, vascular or systemic complications, or even treatments. Familiarity with the cutaneous manifestations of COVID-19 may enable early diagnosis or help guide prognosis. Resumen La pandemia por SARS-CoV-2 ha causado un gran impacto desde el punto de vista sanitario, económico y social. La semiología dermatológica se ha demostrado heterogénea y compleja. En la actualidad se han definido cinco grupos principales de manifestaciones cutáneas asociadas a la COVID-19: lesiones acrales, exantemas vesiculares, erupciones urticariales, exantemas maculopapulares y lesiones livedoides/necróticas. Sin embargo, es probable que esta clasificación se modifique en el futuro. La clínica cutánea es probablemente el reflejo de distintas vías patogénicas con implicación variable de la infección vírica, del proceso inflamatorio, de las complicaciones vasculares o sistémicas de la enfermedad o incluso de los tratamientos administrados. El conocimiento de las manifestaciones cutáneas puede permitir un diagnóstico precoz o incluso servir como marcador pronóstico.